Climate - South Africa

In South Africa there are the following climates:
- The cool and arid climate of the west coast (Namib desert).
- The subtropical climate of the southern coast, with Mediterranean characteristics, that is, with a dry summer, in the westernmost part (see Cape Town), while there is no dry season in the eastern part (see Durban).
- The climate of the plateau, which covers most of the country, with dry, sunny winters, during which it can get cold at night, and hot summers, during which thunderstorms can break out. The plateau is more arid in the western part, where there is a desert, than in the eastern part, where there are several cities including Johannesburg and Pretoria.

The Republic of South Africa, the southernmost African country, extends from 22° to 34° south latitude. Being in the Southern Hemisphere, it has seasons reversed compared to Europe or North America.

Index

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• West Coast
• South and East Coast - Cape Town, Gqeberha, Durban>
• Plateau - Upington, Sutherland, Johannesburg, Kimberley
• North-east - Kruger National Park
• Cyclones

West Coast

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The west coast of South Africa is affected by the Benguela Current, which cools the sea and makes the climate arid, since it inhibits the formation of vertical air currents that could condense. However, the cold current also causes the formation of fog, mist and low clouds, especially in the morning. We are in the southern part of the Namib Desert, where the rains are rare and sporadic. In this part of the country there are no major cities.
Here, the climate is constantly mild, with average daytime temperatures around 16 °C (61 °F) in winter and around 20 °C (68 °F) in summer, even though rapid increases in temperature may occur when the wind blows from the desert, which lies to the east and is scorchingly hot in summer. However, due to fog, humidity and wind, you can feel cold, especially in winter.
Here are the average temperatures of Port Nolloth, in the northern part of the coast.

As mentioned, the climate along the west coast of South Africa is very arid. Here is the average rainfall of Alexander Bay, located in the northern part of the coast, on the border with Namibia, where rainfall even drops below 50 mm (2 in) per year.

South and East Coast

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On the south and east coast, there is a subtropical climate, and above all, warmer and rainier than on the west coast. For this reason, there are important cities such as Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, and Durban.
In the southwestern part of the coast, there is a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and warm, sunny summers.
In Cape Town, the average temperature ranges from 13 °C (55 °F) in July to 22 °C (72 °F) in January and February. Here are the average temperatures.

In Cape Town, 505 millimeters (20 inches) of rain fall per year, with a maximum in late autumn and winter, from May to August. Here is the average precipitation.

The temperature of the sea in the area of Cape Town is never warm, however, it is slightly milder in the sheltered False Bay, east of Cape of Good Hope, than along the Atlantic coast to the west. In fact, in False Bay, the water temperature reaches 20 °C (68 °F) in January and February and drops to 16 °C (61 °F) in winter, while in Cape Town, it never reaches 20 °C (68 °F), so it's a bit cold even in summer, as we can see in the following table.

The cities situated at the foot of the mountains, east of Cape Town, are rainier. In Stellenbosch, rainfall reaches 930 mm (36.5 in) per year, though it still follows the Mediterranean pattern, ie with a dry summer, which here is a little warmer because of the greater distance from the sea.
Cape Agulhas, which separates by convention the Atlantic from the Indian Ocean, is windy and overlooks a perilous sea, frequently rough and crossed by strong currents. To tell the truth, the Cape of Good Hope is not very calm as well, as evidenced by the name originally given by its discoverer, Bartolomeu Dias, who named it "Cape of Storms".



The thin coastal strip to the east of the Cape Town area is characterized by a very mild climate, which becomes progressively warmer and rainier as we move towards the east-northeast.
In the southern belt (the area circled in blue on the map), the climate is transitional between the Mediterranean and the warm oceanic one: it is mild or pleasantly warm and breezy, with limited variations in temperature between winter and summer; rainfall is not abundant, but it's well distributed throughout the year, with only a slight decrease in summer.
In Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth), temperatures are similar to those in Cape Town, albeit a bit milder. In winter, temperatures are spring-like, since the average in July is 14.5 °C (58 °F), although short cold waves from Antarctica can occasionally lower the night-time temperature to around freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) between June and September. Summer is pleasant, since the average in January and February is 22 °C (72 °F), with a lively and constant breeze from the sea. Throughout the year, every now and then, hot and dry winds can blow from the mountains, which lie a short distance from the coast. Here are the average temperatures.

In Gqeberha, 630 mm (24.8 in) of rain fall per year. The rains are better distributed than in Cape Town, in fact it can sometimes rain even in summer. Here is the average precipitation.

Unlike in Cape Town, the sea in Port Elizabeth is never very cold, and it is warm enough for swimming from December to April.

In the eastern part of the coast, ie the area circled in burgundy, the climate is warmer, with more abundant rainfall in the warm season, so it can be defined as humid subtropical.
In East London, the temperatures are similar to those of Port Elizabeth, but winter is a bit milder. Rainfall is more abundant, around 800 mm (31.5 in) per year, with and evident increase in the period from October to March, when the air is a bit muggy, even though the temperatures are usually not so high; on the other hand, winter is the least rainy season.
Continuing north-east, on the coast of KwaZulu-Natal, in Durban it gets quite hot and humid in summer: the average in January and February is around 255 °C (77 °F), and the humidity makes the heat muggy, even though the breezes blow in the afternoon, giving a bit of relief; thunderstorms may occur in the afternoon or in the evening, giving some additional relief (or maybe, disturbing those who are on the beach). In winter, the driest and sunniest season, daytime temperatures are very pleasant, on average around 24/25 °C (75/77 °F), however, sometimes it can get a bit cold, especially at night. Here are the average temperatures.

Here, about 1,000 mm (40 in) of rain fall per year, of which more than 100 mm (4 in) fall per month from November to March, while in winter, from June to August, it doesn't rain much. Here is the average precipitation.

At this latitude, the temperature of the sea exceeds 23 °C (73 °F) from November to May, and after all it's not so bad even in winter, since it does not drop below 22 °C (72 °F).

Plateau

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As previously mentioned, much of South Africa is occupied by a plateau.
The temperature varies with altitude, however, the daily temperature range is generally high.
Winter is dry and sunny. Winter nights are cold, and from May to August, the temperature can drop below freezing after cold air outbreaks of Antarctic origin, especially in the central-southern part.
The sun also shines in summer, but thunderstorms can break out in this season, especially in the eastern part and at higher altitudes. Summer days can be scorchingly hot, in particular from October to March.
The western part of the plateau is drier, and often even warmer, as the altitude is typically lower than 1,200 meters (3,900 feet).
Here are the average temperatures of Upington, located in the western part of the plateau, not far from the borders with Namibia and Botswana, and 835 meters (2,750 feet) above sea level. Here, the temperature reached 44.6 °C (112.3 °F) in January 2012, and 45.3 °C (113.5 °F) in January 2016.

The rains, which as we mentioned are scarce, occur in winter along the west coast, while in inland areas they occur in summer, in the form of afternoon showers. Here is the average precipitation in Upington.

In the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, which is the South African part of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, on the border with Botswana and Namibia, there is a dry savannah landscape, but also sand dunes: we are in the southern part of the Kalahari Desert.
Although most of the interior is occupied by a plateau, there is also a small lowland area, in particular, the lower Orange River valley, on the border with Namibia, where about 200 km (125 mi) from the coast, the altitude is already around 300 meters (1,000 feet). Southwest of Upington, the Augrabies Falls, 600 meters (2,000 feet) above sea level, are considered the hottest place in South Africa: here, the temperature reached 48.6 °C (119.5 °F) in January 2016, and 46.1 °C (115 °F) in 2015. Further to the west, in Vioolsdrif, at a lower altitude but closer to the sea, the heat record is 47 °C (116.5 °F).



Returning to the plateau, in Calvinia, further south and at 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) above sea level, the average temperatures are lower than in Upington. In Calvinia, the temperature can reach 40 °C (104 °F) from November to March, while at night it can drop to -5 °C (23 °F) from May to August.

The coldest areas of the plateau are the southern ones, which are more exposed to outbreaks of polar air masses in the winter months.
A particularly cold city is Sutherland, located in the south-west, in the arid zone of the Great Karoo, at 1,450 meters (4,700 feet) above sea level. Here, snowfalls in winter occur often enough, though they are typically light because of the dry climate. The coldest record, set in July 2003, is as low as -16 °C (3 °F). Precipitation amounts to 245 mm (9.5 in) per year. Here are the average temperatures.

Near the city, at 1,850 meters (6,000 feet), we find the South African Astronomical Observatory, which hosts the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT): this area was chosen because the skies are often clear and the air is clean.



In the central and eastern part of the plateau, the rains are more abundant, especially in the warm season, when humid currents from the Indian Ocean prevail.
Johannesburg, the largest city of the country, is located at 1,700 meters (5,600 ft) above sea level, in the plateau called Highveld, and thanks to the altitude, it has a pleasant and sunny climate. In the warm season, from October to March, it's hot during the day, with possible thunderstorms in the afternoon or in the evening, while nights are cool. Winter, from May to August, is dry and sunny, with very cool or even cold nights, while temperatures become usually mild during the day. Sometimes at night, the temperature can drop below freezing, especially in June and July. Here are the average temperatures.

A few times over the last century, even snowfalls have occurred, in the period from June to August. Throughout the year, 705 mm (27.8 in) of rain fall on average, of which approximately 90/120 mm (3.5/4.7 in) fall per month from November to March. Here is the average precipitation.

North-west of Johannesburg lies the UNESCO World Heritage Site called "Cradle of Humankind", where ancient fossils of Australopithecus Africanus have been found.
North of Johannesburg, we find Pretoria, which is located at a slightly lower altitude, ie at 1,300 meters (4,250 feet), so it has a similar climate, just slightly warmer than in Johannesburg.
Kimberley, the capital of the Northern Cape Province, located at 1,200 meters (3,900 feet) above sea level, is characterized by very hot summers, and by lower rainfall than in Johannesburg, around 435 mm (17 in) per year. However, here too, rainfall is more likely from November to April. The rainiest months are February and March. Here is the average precipitation. From May to September, however, given the southern position, the city is more exposed to cold winds and more prone to night frosts than Johannesburg, although during the day the temperature remains mild.
Bloemfontein, located at 1,400 meters (4,600 feet), south-east of Kimberley, is slightly cooler. Here, night frosts from June to August are frequent, but during the day, the air is usually mild and the sun shines.
Near the southern and eastern margins of the plateau, there are several mountain ranges, with peaks often exceeding 2,000 meters (6,500 feet). The most imposing range is Drakensberg, whose highest peak, 3,482 meters (11,424 feet) high, however, is located in Lesotho. Above 2,500 meters (8,200 ft), it can snow from June to August. Along the eastern escarpment, in the provinces of Eastern Cape, Kwa-Zulu Natal and Mpumalanga, the summer rains are plentiful, exceeding 100 mm (4 in) per month, and the total annual can reach 1,000 mm (40 in).

North-east

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The far north-east of South Africa has a warmer climate than the plateau, both because of the lower latitude (it is located at the Tropic of Capricorn) and because of the lower altitude, which descends below 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) above sea level.
The Kruger National Park, where you can find elephants, lions and other animals of the savannah, is located on the border with Mozambique, mostly at an altitude ranging from 300 to 500 meters (1,000 and 1,600 feet). Here the winter is dry and sunny, with large temperature variations between night and day: at night, it can get cold, about 10 °C (50 °F) or less, while during the day the temperature gets warm, around 26/27 °C (79/81 °F). Therefore, when going on safaris in this period, it's better to dress in layers. Summer is hot and humid, with possible afternoon thunderstorms. Here are the average temperatures in Skukuza, the main camp of the park, located at 270 meters (890 feet) above sea level, at the lowest point of the park.

In the Kruger National Park, the rains, scarce in winter, become relatively abundant in summer because of afternoon thunderstorms. Here is the average precipitation.



The northernmost area, along the Limpopo River, on the border with Zimbabwe, is particularly dry, and here the days are very hot, especially from November to February, when there is also some chance of showers in the afternoon, usually not heavy. Here, we find the Musina Nature Reserve and the Mapungubwe National Park (formerly Vhembe Dongola National Park), both home to a large number of huge baobab trees as well as animals such as giraffes, antelopes and zebras.

Cyclones

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The north-east coast of South Africa, north of Durban, where cities such as Richards Bay and St Lucia are found (but sometimes Durban too, as happened with tropical storm Irina in March 2012), sometimes can be brushed by tropical cyclones, which form in the Indian Ocean from November to mid-May (but most likely from late December to mid-April) and usually hit the coast of neighbouring Mozambique, or they can sometimes follow a more southern path, dissipating in the ocean. Although after Tropical Storm Domoina in late January 1984, no cyclone has directly hit the coast of South Africa, the effects in terms of rains, strong winds and storm surges can be felt also at some distance.
Cyclones can also affect the far north-east, in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga, after passing over the coast of Mozambique. In general, Mozambique takes the brunt of the damage, but in inland South Africa, including the Kruger Park, there may still be heavy rains, as happened with Cyclone Eline in February 2000. This is one more reason to avoid the austral summer, in addition to the hot and humid weather, which in any case is typical of this period.

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