Climate - Switzerland

Index

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• Introduction
• The plateau - Bern, Zurich, Geneva, Ticino
• The Alps - Davos

Introduction

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The Swiss climate is moderately continental in the plateau, Alpine in the mountains, and more temperate in the Canton of Ticino.
The main Swiss cities are located on a plateau called Mittelland ("Central Plateau"), which lies at an altitude of about 400/600 meters (1,300/2,000 feet). Here, there's a moderately continental climate, with cold and dull winters, with an average temperature in January slightly above freezing, and warm summers, with average highs around 24/25 °C (75/77 °F) and cool nights.
In the mountains, the climate becomes colder with increasing altitude, but in winter, they are located above the blanket of fog and low clouds that often covers the plateau, so they are also sunnier in this season.
The Canton of Ticino, located on the south-facing slope, has a milder and sunnier climate, though it is very rainy, with afternoon thunderstorms in summer and heavy rains in autumn.
In winter, snowfalls on the plateau are quite frequent. The cold wind, which in Switzerland and in central France is called Bise, blows from the north-east and is more frequent in winter and spring. Late snowfalls and frosts are typical of the northern side of the Alps, which is exposed to cold currents from northern Europe.
By the second half of April, when the first warm days occur, thunderstorms begin to erupt in the afternoon. Atlantic weather fronts can bring cool and rainy days even in summer.
In summer, sometimes there can be hot periods, with maximum temperatures of 33/34 °C (91/93 °F) or more, which generally last a few days, but are becoming more frequent due to climate warming.
Many parts of Switzerland are subject to a warm and dry wind coming down from the mountains: the Föhn. It blows from the south over a large part of Switzerland, leading to sudden increases in temperature, and it's more frequent in spring and autumn. On the contrary, in the Canton of Ticino, which is on the southern side, the Föhn effect is caused by the north wind, so this area is often relatively warm and dry when the rest of the country is under the grip of cold waves.
Switzerland can also be affected by windstorms coming from the Atlantic. During the most intense storms, gusts of wind can exceed 100 km/h (62 mph) in the cities of the highlands, and even more so on the mountain ridges. For example, important storms were Vivian, which occurred on February 27, 1990, Lothar, which occurred on December 26, 1999, and Burglind, which occurred in early January 2018.

The plateau

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Bern

Bern, the capital of Switzerland, lies on the plateau, at 500 meters (1,600 feet) above sea level, and has an average temperature ranging from 0.5 °C (33 °F) in January to 19 °C (66 °F) in July. There are on average 35 days with snowfall per year, usually occurring from November to April.
Here are the average temperatures.

In Bern, precipitation amounts to about 1,025 mm (40.5 in) per year, well distributed throughout the year, but with a maximum in late spring and in summer due to afternoon thunderstorms. Here is the average precipitation.

Zurich

In Zurich, 400 meters (1,300 feet) above sea level, the temperatures are similar to that of Bern. The weather in winter is often cold and dull, but there can be some gloomy days even in summer. The rain pattern is also very similar to that of Bern, with 1,100 mm (44 in) per year and a maximum in late spring and summer.
Here are the average temperatures of Zurich.

In winter, on anticyclonic periods, when the sun shines in the mountains and in Ticino, a cloud blanket usually forms in Zurich and the cities of the plateau, which are therefore the least sunny of Switzerland. Here are the average sunshine hours per day.



In Lucerne too, the average temperature is also around 1 °C (34 °F) in January and around 20 °C (68 °F) in July.

Geneva

Because of its location more to the west and on the shores of the lake of the same name, the climate in Geneva is a bit less cold in winter, with the average temperature being 2 °C (36 °F) in January and with rarer snowfalls, and a little warmer and sunnier in summer, with an average of 20 °C (68 °F) in July. The rainfall is lower, especially in summer, and the total is 925 mm (36.5 in) per year. A similar climate is found in Lausanne and Montreux, the other major cities on Lake Geneva. In Montreaux, the summer is usually pleasant, and there is a moderate amount of nice and sunny days.

Basel, located at 250 meters (800 ft) above sea level, lies outside the plateau, in the Rhine River Valley, that is, in the climatic area of Central Europe. Since the lower altitude is balanced out by the higher latitude, the climate here is similar to that of cities like Zurich and Bern, and warmer by only 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degree Fahrenheit). Therefore, Basel is cold and gloomy in winter as well, and relatively warm, with possible thunderstorms, in summer.

In contrast, the Valais is a part of Switzerland with a peculiar microclimate, and in particular, the valley of Sion: here, precipitation is fairly low, only 585 mm (23 in) per year, because of the orientation of the valley (west-east), which protects it from both cold currents from the north and warm and humid currents from the Mediterranean Sea. On the other hand, during winter, cold air stagnates in the valley, to the point that the average low temperature in January is -3 °C (26.5 °F).

Canton of Ticino

The warmest cities of Switzerland are those of Ticino, which is located on the southern side of the Alps, and therefore is sheltered from the cold northern wind, as happens in Locarno, located at 195 meters (640 feet) above sea level on the shores of Lake Maggiore, and Lugano, located at less than 300 meters (1,000 feet) above sea level and tempered by the lake of the same name. Here, the climate is similar to that of the shores of Lake Como in Italy, and it's relatively mild in winter, when snowfalls and frosts are quite rare, while it's warm but not oppressive in summer. The monthly average temperature ranges from 4 °C (39 °F) in January to 22.7 °C (72.8 °F) in July.

However, the climate of Ticino is quite rainy, especially in autumn (when the rains are due to warm air masses from the Ligurian Sea) and in late spring and summer (when they are due to afternoon thunderstorms, which are enhanced by the surrounding mountains, as well as by the waters of the lake). Here, the relatively driest season is winter, from December to February. The rainfall amounts to 1,570 mm (62 in) per year. Here is the average precipitation in Lugano.

The Alps

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In the mountains, the climate varies with altitude and slope exposure. Most of the country is located on the northern side of the Alps, which has a lower average temperature than the southern side, and therefore a lower snowline. The weather in the mountains is highly variable, in fact, it depends more than in the lowlands on the nature of the air mass that affects a given area at a given time. So, above 1,500 meters (5,000 feet), during cold spells, it can sometimes snow even in June, while on sunny days, the temperature can rise above freezing and become almost mild even in winter. During the warm season, from May to September, in the mountains, there are frequent thunderstorms in the afternoon or evening.
Zermatt, located in the canton of Valais, at 1,600 meters (5,250 feet) above sea level, has a relatively dry microclimate, in fact, it is sheltered on both the north and south sides by a double chain of mountains, just like the aforementioned Sion, so the annual precipitation is lower than 650 mm (25.5 in). However, in the mountains that surround it, which are high and covered with glaciers, you can ski for most of the year. In Zermatt, the monthly average temperature ranges from -3.5 °C (26 °F) in January to 14 °C (57 °F) in July.

Davos

In Davos, in the Canton of Grisons, at 1,600 meters (5,250 feet) above sea level, the average temperature ranges from -4.5 °C (24 °F) in January to 13 °C (55.5 °F) in July. Here are the average temperatures.

In Davos, summer is definitely the rainiest season because of afternoon thunderstorms. Here is the average precipitation.

As mentioned, on anticyclonic periods, the sun shines more often in the mountains than in the plateau and in the valley bottoms. In summer, however, although in the morning the sun often shines, at mid-day and in the afternoon, the sky becomes often cloudy, and thunderstorms can break out. Here are the sunshine hours per day in Davos.

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