In Austria, a country largely covered by mountains and hills, we can distinguish between three types of climate: the continental climate of the narrow plain region of Vienna, similar to that of East-central Europe, with cold winters and warm summers, sometimes sultry; the climate of the other major cities (Salzburg, Graz, Linz, Innsbruck), located at higher altitude, with cold winters and fairly warm summers, which in summer receive a good amount of thunderstorms; and finally the Alpine climate of mountainous regions, freezing and snowy in winter, cool and with many afternoon thunderstorms in summer. In comparison with its Alpine "twin", Switzerland, Austria has a colder climate in winter, both because of the greater distance from the Atlantic Ocean, and of the proximity to the Russian plains.
Here are the average temperatures of Vienna.
Average temperatures - Vienna

Vienna	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Vienna	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
Min (°C)	-2	-1	2	6	11	14	16	16	12	7	3	-1
Max (°C)	3	5	10	16	21	24	26	26	20	14	8	4
Min (°F)	28	30	36	43	52	57	61	61	54	45	37	30
Max (°F)	37	41	50	61	70	75	79	79	68	57	46	39

In Vienna, the sun is rarely seen from November to January, while from April to September it shines about half the time (compared to the length of the days).
Sunshine - Vienna

Vienna	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Vienna	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
Sun (hours)	2	4	5	7	8	8	8	8	6	4	2	2

Precipitation is abundant in the mountains, where it exceeds 1,000 millimetres (40 inches) per year almost everywhere, and often 1.500 mm (60 in), while it's lower in the Vienna area, where only 535 mm (21 in) of rain or snow per year fall. However, precipitation is well distributed throughout the year, with a a slight increase in summer, because of heat thunderstorms.
Here is the average precipitation in Vienna, which is located in the least rainy area of the country.
Average precipitation - Vienna

Vienna	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Vienna	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D	Y
Prec. (mm)	30	30	35	40	55	60	60	50	50	35	45	35	535
Prec.(in)	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.6	2.2	2.4	2.4	2	2	1.4	1.8	1.4	21.1
Days	7	6	7	7	8	9	8	8	6	5	7	7	85

Winter in Austria is cold everywhere, even in the Danube valley, but especially in the valleys located at higher altitude, and even more so in the mountains. In Vienna, the Austrian capital, the average temperature in January is around 0.5 °C (33 °F), but in cities located at higher altitude and in valleys among the mountains, the averages are even lower: for example in Klagenfurt, the capital of Carinthia, 450 metres (1,500 feet) above sea level, the average temperature in January is -3.5 °C (26 °F).
Fog and low clouds are common in the valleys, and in particular in the Danube Valley: in winter, fog occurs on average from 4 to 11 days per month.
Snow is quite common everywhere, except in the area of Vienna, where it is more rare.
The lowest temperatures have been recorded after outbreaks of cold air masses coming from Russia: in these cases the temperature can plunge to -15/-20 °C (-4/5 °F), or even lower, even in Vienna. The coldest records are -30 °C (-22 °F) in Innsbruck, Tyrol, 580 metres (1,900 feet) above sea level, and -31 °C (-24 °F) in Salzburg, at 435 m (1,400 ft).
Here are the average temperatures in Innsbruck.
Average temperatures - Innsbruck

Innsbruck	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Innsbruck	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
Min (°C)	-4	-3	1	4	9	12	14	14	10	6	1	-3
Max (°C)	4	6	12	16	21	24	26	25	21	16	8	4
Min (°F)	25	27	34	39	48	54	57	57	50	43	34	27
Max (°F)	39	43	54	61	70	75	79	77	70	61	46	39

In Innsbruck and in hill areas, the sun is slightly more frequent than in Vienna in winter, while in summer it is less visible, given the higher frequency of thunderstorms.
Sunshine - Innsbruck

Innsbruck	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Innsbruck	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
Sun (hours)	3	4	5	6	6	6	7	7	6	5	3	3

In the mountainous regions, winter is obviously very cold and snowy, but it is sunnier than in the valleys, because the mountains are above the fog and low clouds layer that can form in periods of good weather, therefore they witness an acceptable amount of sunshine in this season.



In January and February, between 1,200 and 1,800 metres (4,000 and 6,000 feet), the average minimum temperature ranges from -5 °C to -9 °C (16 to 23 °F), and the maximum temperature from -1 °C to +2 °C (30 and 36 °F).
Here are the average temperatures of Sankt Anton am Arlberg (Tyrol), located at 1,300 meters above sea level.
Average temperatures - St. Anton

St. Anton	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
St. Anton	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
Min (°C)	-9	-8	-4	-1	3	6	8	8	5	1	-4	-8
Max (°C)	1	3	6	10	15	18	21	21	17	13	5	1
Min (°F)	16	18	25	30	37	43	46	46	41	34	25	18
Max (°F)	34	37	43	50	59	64	70	70	63	55	41	34

In high mountains, above 2,000 metres (6,500 feet), lows range from -8 °C to -14 °C (7 to 18 °F) and highs from -4 °C to -11 °C (12 to 25 °F).
Some areas of Austria are subject to down-slope winds coming from the mountains: when the Foehn blows from the south, the temperatures can suddenly increase, and snow can rapidly melt, causing floods and avalanches. In the south, in Carinthia, there's a variant of this wind called Jauk.

Summer is warm or even hot in the Vienna area, with some chance of thunderstorms in the afternoon, while it becomes very rainy in the rest of Austria, because of Atlantic fronts, which can cause unstable weather, triggering thunderstorms especially in the afternoon or evening.
Usually the rainiest month in Austria is July: for instance in Salzburg, where it rains almost every second day from May to August, more than 150 mm (6 in) of rain fall in this month, and the total amount of the three summer months (June, July and August) is 465 mm (18 in). On the contrary, the Vienna area is less rainy and a little sunnier.
Here is the average precipitation in Salzburg.
Average precipitation - Salzburg

Salzburg	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Salzburg	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D	Y
Prec. (mm)	60	55	80	85	115	155	160	150	100	75	85	75	1185
Prec.(in)	2.4	2.2	3.1	3.3	4.5	6.1	6.3	5.9	3.9	3	3.3	3	46.7
Days	10	10	12	12	12	15	14	13	11	9	11	12	141

Usually, temperatures are often pleasantly warm during the day and cool at night: in Vienna the average daily temperature in July is around 21 °C (70 °F), and the maximum temperature is around 25/26 °C (77/79 °F) in Vienna and other major cities, but sometimes there may be hot and muggy days, especially in the plain (i.e. in the area of Vienna), with lows above 20 °C (68 °F) and highs above 30 °C (86 °F).
The highest recorded temperatures are 37.7 °C (100 °F) in Linz (East Tyrol), 37.8 °C (100 °F) in Salzburg, 38 °C (100.4 °F) in Feldkirch (Vorarlberg) and 40 °C (104 °F) in Bad Gleichenberg (Styria).

In the mountains, summer becomes cooler with increasing altitude, but it is equally prone to thunderstorms, to the point that the most abundant precipitation is recorded in this area. On average, at mid-mountain elevation, from 345 to 600 mm (13.5 to 23.5 in) of rain fall in the three summer months, while in high mountains, precipitation can reach as high as 800 mm (31.5 in), of which 265 mm (10.4 in) in the month of July.
Above 3,000 metres (10,000 ft), on Grossglockner, which is the highest mountain in Austria with its 3,798 metres (12,461 ft), the average temperature is around freezing even in July and August, as we can see from the average temperatures of the Sonnblick Observatory, located at 3,111 metres (10,207 ft) above sea level.
Average temperatures - Grossglockner

Grossglockner	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Grossglockner	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
Min (°C)	-14	-14	-13	-10	-5	-3	0	0	-3	-6	-10	-13
Max (°C)	-9	-10	-8	-6	-1	2	5	5	2	-2	-6	-8
Min (°F)	7	7	9	14	23	27	32	32	27	21	14	9
Max (°F)	16	14	18	21	30	36	41	41	36	28	21	18

In the plains and at low altitude, spring and autumn are quite cold in the periods closer to winter: in March and in November it may freeze and snow: in November, record low temperatures go from -11 °C to -19 °C (-2 to 12 °F), and even -20 °C (-4 °F) in Innsbruck.
The situation is definitely better in the months of May and September, when the temperature is usually pleasant (although sometimes it can get cold at night), and thunderstorms occur more rarely than in summer. On warmer days, the temperature can reach or slightly exceed 30 °C (86 °F).
April and October are very cool, sometimes cold: in these months sometimes it can freeze at night, and in April the northerly winds may bring some late snowfalls.
In autumn, in October, mists and fogs become quite frequent.
Spring and autumn in Austria are drier than summer; in autumn, the north side of the Alps is sheltered from the southern winds which usually blow in this season, and bring heavy rains on the southern side, namely in Italy and Slovenia.


The best times to visit Vienna and the other major cities in Austria are late spring and early autumn, especially the months of May, June and September, because in mid-summer (July-August), thunderstorms are more intense, and in plains and low valleys there can be heat waves.
In hill cities (Salzburg, Innsbruck) it rains a lot more than in Vienna, which in return can be hot and muggy. After all, mid-summer is not a bad period, especially for those who can stand the heat.
Winter (December to February) is not the best period to visit cities, because it's cold and foggy, and sometimes freezing and snowy.

The best time for excursions in the mountains runs from mid-May to September, bearing in mind that in this season, especially in July and August, thunderstorms are frequent in the afternoon. September is quieter, and forests begin to show the spectacular autumn colours.

For skiing, the period of March and early April is preferable to mid-winter, because it's less cold and the days are longer. However, on high mountains there are resorts where you can ski even in summer.


In winter: warm clothes, sweater or fleece, down jacket, hat, scarf, gloves, umbrella. For the mountains, mountain outfit, hiking boots.

In summer: light clothes, T-shirt and shorts, but also long pants, jacket and sweatshirt; raincoat or umbrella. For the mountains, hiking shoes, sunscreen and sunglasses; for the highest mountains and glaciers, warm clothes, down jacket, hat.