Climate - Austria

Index

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• Introduction
• Plains and hills - Vienna
• Mountains - Grossglockner

Introduction

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In Austria, a country largely covered by mountains and hills, we can distinguish between three types of climate:
- the continental climate of the narrow plain region of Vienna, similar to that of East-central Europe, with cold winters and warm to hot summers, sometimes sultry;
- the climate of the other major cities (Salzburg, Graz, Linz, Innsbruck), located at higher altitude, with cold winters and fairly warm summers, which in summer receive a good amount of thunderstorms;
- finally, the Alpine climate of the mountainous regions, which are freezing and snowy in winter, while in summer they are cooler, and experience a lot of thunderstorms in the afternoon.
In comparison with its Alpine "twin" country, Switzerland, Austria has a colder climate in winter, both because of the greater distance from the Atlantic Ocean and the proximity to the Russian plains.
Precipitation is abundant in the mountains, where it exceeds 1,000 millimeters (40 inches) per year almost everywhere, and often 1.500 mm (60 in), while it's lower in the Vienna area, where it drops to 535 mm (21 in). Winter is usually the driest season, while summer is the wettest season because of afternoon thunderstorms.

Winter in Austria is cold everywhere, even in the Danube valley, but especially in the valleys located at higher altitude, and even more so in the mountains. In Vienna, the Austrian capital, the average temperature in January is around freezing, but in the cities located at higher altitude and in the valleys among the mountains, the averages are even lower: for example in Klagenfurt, at 450 meters (1,500 feet) above sea level, the average temperature in January is -2.5 °C (27.5 °F).
Fog and low clouds are common in the valleys, and in particular in the Danube Valley: in winter, fog occurs on average from 4 to 11 days per month.
Snow is quite common everywhere, except in the area of Vienna, where it is rarer.
The lowest temperatures have been recorded after outbreaks of cold air masses from Russia: in these cases, the temperature can plunge to -20 °C (-4 °F) or even lower.



Summer in Austria is warm during the day, with generally cool nights. The maximum temperature is around 25/27 °C (77/81 °F) in Vienna and the other major cities. The morning is often sunny, while thunderstorms can break out in the afternoon, which are more frequent in the mountainous areas. However, even in summer sometimes the country can be affected by Atlantic fronts, which instead generally spare the Italian side (i.e. in the region of Alto Adige or South Tyrol).
Sometimes there may be hot and muggy days, especially in the plain (i.e. in the area of Vienna), with lows above 20 °C (68 °F) and highs above 30 °C (86 °F).
Heat waves of African origin are generally of short duration, but during these periods in the main cities the temperature can reach 36/38 °C (97/100 °F).

In the plain and at low altitude, spring and autumn are usually cool.
In May and September, the temperature is usually pleasant (although sometimes it can get cold at night), and thunderstorms occur more rarely than in summer. On warmer days, the temperature can reach or slightly exceed 30 °C (86 °F).
April and October are very cool, sometimes cold: in these months sometimes it can freeze at night, and in April the northerly winds may bring some late snowfalls.
In autumn, in October, mists and fogs become quite frequent.
Spring and autumn in Austria are drier than summer; in autumn, the north side of the Alps is sheltered from the southerly winds that usually blow in this season, and bring heavy rains on the southern side, namely in Italy and Slovenia.

Plains and hills

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Vienna

In the north-east, the area of Vienna is the only one in which the altitude drops below 200 meters (650 feet). In winter, when the anticyclone dominates, cold air stagnates on the ground and the sky is gray. In summer, there may be hot and muggy periods. Here are the average temperatures.

That of Vienna is the least rainy area of the country. In particular, thunderstorms in summer are not as frequent and abundant as in Alpine and pre-Alpine areas. Here is the average precipitation.

In Vienna, the sun is rarely seen from November to January, while from April to September it shines about half the time (compared to the length of the days).

In the north-west, also Linz, the capital of Upper Austria, is at a fairly low altitude (300 meters or 1,000 feet); here the temperatures are similar to those of Vienna, and barely lower in summer. However, the rainfall is more abundant, since it amounts to 830 mm (33 in) per year.
In the southeast, we find Graz, the capital of Styria, 350 meters (1,150 feet) above sea level.
To the south-west of Linz, we find Salzburg, at the foot of the Alps, at an altitude of 400 meters (1,300 feet).
In the south, at 450 meters (1,500 ft), Klagenfurt, the capital of Carinthia, is particularly cold in winter.

Innsbruck is located in the west, in Tyrol, 580 meters (1,900 feet) above sea level. In winter, in Innsbruck and in the cities located at this altitude, the sun is slightly more frequent than in Vienna, while in summer it shines a bit less often because of the higher frequency of thunderstorms.

Mountains

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In mountainous regions, winter is obviously very cold and snowy, but the sun shines more often than in the valleys because the mountains are above the layer of fog and low clouds that can form in periods of good weather. In summer, the climate becomes obviously cooler with increasing altitude. In addition, precipitation in the mountains is more abundant, both the winter snowfalls and the summer thunderstorms.
Some areas of Austria are subject to down-slope winds coming from the mountains: when the Foehn blows from the south, the temperatures can suddenly increase, and snow can rapidly melt, causing floods and avalanches. In the south, in Carinthia, there's a variant of this wind called Jauk.
Here are the average temperatures of Sankt Anton am Arlberg (Tyrol), located at 1,300 meters (4,265 feet) above sea level.

Grossglockner

Above 3,000 meters (10,000 ft), on the Grossglockner, which is the highest mountain in Austria with its 3,798 meters (12,461 ft), the average temperature is around freezing even in July and August. At the Sonnblick Observatory, located at 3,111 meters (10,207 ft) above sea level, the coldest record is -36.6 °C (-33.9 °F), set in February 1940, while the highest record is 15 °C (59 °F) and was set in July 1983. Here are the average temperatures.

On the Grossglockner, precipitation is abundant, and almost always occurs in the form of snow.

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