Climate - Norway

Index

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• Introduction
• The west coast - Bergen, Trondheim
• The north coast - North Cape, Tromsø
• The south coast - Kristiansand
• Inland areas - Lapland, Karasjok
• Baltic climate - Oslo
• Northern islands
• Cold and heat records

Introduction

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Norway is a Nordic country, but it is affected by the Gulf Stream, so its climate is not as cold as you might think, especially along the west coast. However, the country is very extended in latitude, and it has a rugged coastline, as well as plateaus and mountain ranges, so there are different climates to be taken into account.
The ocean, whose surface temperature remains a few degrees above freezing even in winter, tempers the winter weather, while it remains cool in summer, so it reduces the annual temperature range along the coast. On the contrary, in the interior, the influence of the sea is far less evident, and this happens also because in Norway there are almost no plains, so the mountain ranges hinder the penetration of mild currents coming from the sea.
The following map shows the climate zones in Norway.



As is typical in Nordic countries, the climate is also marked by the length of the days. In winter, the days are very short even in the south, and also because of the often cloudy sky, the sun is almost never seen, while in the north, there is even the polar night. In summer, however, the days are very long, and in the north, there is the midnight sun.

The west coast

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The west coast has a cool and wet climate, and is often affected by weather fronts coming from the Atlantic Ocean, so much so that clouds, rain, and wind dominate throughout the year.

Bergen

During winter, the temperature remains slightly above freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) in the southern part; for example, Bergen, the second largest city of the country, has an average temperature in January and February around 2.5 °C (36.5 °F). Precipitation does not always occur in the form of snow, but it often occurs in the form of a continuous and cold drizzle.
The sea, which in winter makes the air milder, during summer cools it down, to the point that the maximum temperatures along the west coast in July and August are around 15/16 °C (59/61 °F). However, if you move a few kilometers (or miles) inland, you can experience an increase in daytime temperatures, which rises by a few degrees, and this happens in Bergen and in other towns located not directly on the ocean coast, but inside a fjord.
Here are the average temperatures in Bergen.

Precipitation is quite common along the western slope. In the southern area, it is also abundant. In Bergen, average annual precipitation is about 2,500 millimeters (98 inches), but in cities located at the foot of the hills, it can exceed 3,000 mm (118 in). Here is the average precipitation in Bergen.

The temperature of the sea near Bergen is cold, but it's mild for the latitude, as we can see from the following table.

South of Bergen (see Stavanger, Sandnes), the sea temperature reaches 16 °C (61 °F) in August.
Moving towards the north along the coast, the winter temperature gradually decreases, but the average daily temperature reaches the freezing point only around the 65th parallel on the coast, just south of the Arctic Circle, and even more to the north on the islands. It's remarkable that the Lofoten and Vesteralen Islands (see Andenes) can sometimes experience rain instead of snow even in winter, though they are located above the Arctic Circle, and in the southernmost of the islands Lofoten (Røst and Værøy), the average is just above freezing even in January. Continuing to the north, the winter temperature goes down to a few degrees below freezing, and snow is frequent even along the coast, but at this point, we enter the climate area of the northern coast (as shown in the map above).
North of Bergen, precipitation is still frequent along the coast, but it is less abundant, and drops below 1,000 mm (40 in) on the coast to the north of Trondheim, although it can still reach 2,000 mm (79 in) on the slopes near the coast, where there are hills directly exposed to the westerly winds.
The fjords of Norway, which we have already mentioned, have different microclimates depending on shape and size, and also on slope exposure, but generally, as you penetrate inland, they are less rainy throughout the year, and more continental, that is, colder in winter and warmer (and sunnier as well) in summer.

Trondheim

For example, the city of Trondheim, located inside a large and deep fjord that opens into the western coast, has an average temperature ranging from -1 °C (30 °F) in January to 15.5 °C (60 °F) in July, and therefore it can be included in the continental climate zone, while in Kristiansund, on the west coast and at the same latitude, the average in January is 2 °C (35.5 °F). Here are the average temperatures in Trondheim.

In Trondheim, about 845 mm (33 in) of rain or snow fall per year; the wettest seasons are summer and autumn. Here is average precipitation.

The north coast

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The north coast of Norway is a bit colder than the western one, and has a subpolar oceanic climate, although a branch of the Gulf Stream arrives here as well. The result is that the open sea does not freeze even at these latitude, which does not happen anywhere else in the world.
The average winter temperatures, however, are below freezing, and tend to decrease as we move towards the east: the average in January and February goes from -1 °C to -5 °C (30 °F to 23 °F) from west to east.

North Cape

At the North Cape, the winter is longer than in Oslo, but the temperatures of the coldest months (January and February) are similar. However, the northern coast is close enough to the Pole to be reached by polar winds, which can be furious, especially in winter and spring. Here are the average temperatures at the North Cape.

In summer, July and August, which have a daily average temperature around 10.5 °C (51 °F), are the mildest and also the quietest months, with the lowest risk of wind. Near the Arctic Circle, you can see the midnight sun around the summer solstice (21 June), and for a period much longer as you head north. At the North Cape, the sun never sets from mid-May to late July.
At the North Cape, precipitation amounts to about 865 mm (34 in) per year. Summer is the least rainy season, although there are still 8/10 days with rainfall per month. Here is the average precipitation.

The following table shows the sea temperature near the North Cape: as we mentioned, the sea does not freeze even in winter.

On the north coast too, within the fjords there's a decrease in the winter temperatures (to the point that in the deepest fjords the sea can freeze in winter) and an increase in the summer temperatures; in fact, this phenomenon is even more pronounced here than on the west coast. For example, in Lakselv, located in the southern part of a fjord, more than 120 kilometers (75 miles) away from the ocean coast, the average in February is -8.5 °C (16.5 °F), while as we have seen, on the ocean coast, at the North Cape, it is just -3 °C (26.5 °F).

Tromsø

South-west of the North Cape, we find Tromsø, which is not exactly on the oceanic coast but inside a small fjord. That's why the winter temperature is similar to that of the North Cape, although the city is located more to the south. In summer, however, the temperature is a bit higher (although it is still very cool). Here are the average temperatures.

Precipitation in Tromsø amounts to 1,020 mm (40 in) per year.

The south coast

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On the south-east coast of Norway, in the Skagerrak strait which separates the country from Denmark, the influence of the ocean is not as high as on the west coast. Therefore, this coast is not as humid and rainy as the area of Bergen, in addition, it is a bit colder in winter, when the average temperatures are around freezing, and warmer in summer, when highs are around 20/21 °C (68/70 °F). So, in this area, the weather in summer can be pleasant, and you can even hope to see a bit of sunshine.

Kristiansand

Here are the average temperatures of Kristiansand.

Precipitation in Kristiansand amounts to 1,320 mm (52 in) per year, so it is quite abundant, but it's still much lower than in Bergen.

On the southern coast (see also Mandal), the sea temperature reaches 17 °C (63 °F) in August, and locals (and tourists from northern Europe) swim in the sea.

Inland areas

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The interior of Norway has a continental climate, with cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Typically, the interior is covered with hills and mountains, where the temperature decreases with altitude, until at high elevations, we find a mountain climate. The highest peak in Norway is Mount Galdhøpiggen, 2,469 meters (8,100 ft) high. The snowline in Norway is quite low, about 1,500 meters (5,000 feet) above sea level.
In the center-east of Norway, on the border with Sweden, ie the northern part of Hedmark and the eastern part of Sør-Trøndelag (see Roros), the climate has very marked continental characteristics. This happens both because of the distance from the sea and because of the position on the eastern side. In addition, there is the influence of the altitude, in fact, this area is occupied by a plateau between 500 and 1,000 meters (1,600 and 3,300 feet) above sea level. Here, the temperature in winter can drop to -40 °C (-40 °F).

Lapland

The coldest area of the country is the Norwegian part of Lapland, which corresponds to the southern part of the Finnmark County. Here, the winter is really frigid, in fact, the temperature can drop to -40 °C (-40 °F) and beyond in the worst moments. Summer is short but intense: in the three months when the temperature rises above freezing even at night, the vegetation explodes, and the days are very long. Sometimes it can even get hot, in fact, the daytime temperature can reach 30 °C (86 °F), while nigths remain cool or even cold.
Despite the cold, in this area you can observe the northern lights more easily than in other areas, because it is far to the north, and therefore the winter nights are very long, but the climate is drier compared to coastal areas, and therefore it is easier for the sky to be free of clouds.

Karasjok

Here are the average temperatures in Karasjok, in Finnmark county, which is considered as the capital of Lapland. Here, the temperature dropped to -51 °C (-60 °F) in January 1999.

In this area, precipitation is much scarcer than in the rest of Norway, both because of the distance from the sea and because of the cold, in fact it does not reach 400 mm (16 in) per year. However, in summer, when temperatures rise, precipitation, which in this season occurs in the form of rain, becomes more abundant. Here is average precipitation in Karasjok.

In Karasjok, the sun is hardly ever seen in winter (also because from December to mid-January it does not even rise), while it appears quite rarely in summer as well, despite the length of the days (it never sets from May 20 to July 25).

Baltic climate

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The south-eastern part of Norway has a climate that can be defined Baltic, that is, slightly continental, and similar to that of the coasts of Sweden overlooking the Baltic Sea. Winters are cold, with temperatures a few degrees below freezing and frequent snowfall. During winter, mild air masses from the Atlantic ocean can sometimes penetrate here as well, and rain may fall instead of snow. On other occasions, cold spells due to air masses coming from Russia are possible, so much so that the temperature can drop to around -25 °C (-13 °F). The average temperature hovers around freezing in late November and early March, while it's mild or pleasantly warm in summer, with highs around 21/23 °C (70/73 °F) in July and August. Precipitation is moderate and well distributed throughout the year, with a maximum between summer and autumn and a minimum in spring.

Oslo

Like other cities of Norway, Oslo, the capital, is located in a fjord, more than 80 kilometers (50 miles) deep. Here are the average temperatures.

The sea in the Oslo fjord reaches 17 °C (63 °F) in July and August, so it is still cold, but less than on the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea.

Northern islands

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Finally, there are the northern islands.

The island of Jan Mayen, situated between the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, has a subarctic climate.

Further to the north, we find the Svalbard archipelago, which is the northernmost part of Norway and is colder in winter.

Cold and heat records

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The cold records in Norway were recorded before the year 2000.
In the Nordic Islands, the cold record is -46 °C (-51 °F) in the Svalbard Islands, -30 °C (-22 °F) in the Bear Island, and -28.5 °C (-19.5 °F) in Jan Mayen.
In mainland Norway, as mentioned, the cold record is -51 °C (-60 °F) in Lapland, while it is -47.5 °C (-53.5 °F) in Roros, in the cold part of the center, -35 °C (-31 °F) north of Oslo, -26 °C (-15 °F) in Trondheim and Oslo, -25 °C (-13 °F) on the Skagerrak coast to the south (see Mandal, Kristiansand), -16 °C (3 °F) in Bergen, and only -10 °C (14 °F) in Røstlandet, in southern Lofoten.

On the coasts, the heat record is 26 °C (79 °F) in the North Cape, 23 °C (73.5 °F) in the most exposed islands (see Røstlandet), 29/30 °C (84/86 °F) on the coastal cities that are located inside a fjord, also in the north (see Ålesund, Tromsø), 34 °C (93 °F) in the inland areas of the center and south (see Trondheim and Oslo). In the Nordic Islands, the highest recorded temperature is 17 °C (62.5 °F) in Jan Mayen and 21.7 °C (71 °F) in Svalbard.
In July 2019, in Saltdal, in a valley 60 km (37 mi) away from the sea, it reached 34.6 °C (94.3 °F), which is the highest temperature in Norway north of the Polar circle. On the other hand, in the south, in Nesbyen, in a valley north-west of Oslo, the temperature reached 35.6 °C (96 °F) in June 1970, which is the highest temperature ever in the whole of Norway.

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