Scotland - The climate in short
In Scotland, a nation that occupies the northern part of Great Britain, the climate is
oceanic, that is, very cool, damp, rainy, and windy most of the year.
The
temperatures do not vary much throughout the year. In the lowlands, the daily averages in January and February are 4 °C (39 °F) in the Shetland Islands, 4.5 °C (40 °F) in the Orkney Islands, and 5 °C (41 °F) in the Hebrides, and as for the cities, 3.5 °C (38.5 °F) in Inverness and 4 °C (39 °F) in Glasgow and Edinburgh.
In July and August, the averages range from 12.5 °C (54.5 °F) in the Shetland Islands, to 13.5 °C (56.5 °F) in Orkney and the Hebrides, to 14.5 °C (58 °F) in Aberdeen, and to 15 °C (59 °F) in Glasgow and Edinburgh.
Precipitation is more abundant on the western side and on the highlands, where it even exceeds 1,500 mm (60 in) per year, while it's less abundant on the eastern side, where it drops to 600/700 mm (24/28 in): so Glasgow, located on the western side, is rainier than Edinburgh. However, the rains are common everywhere, and even in the summer months, there are at least 10 days of rain per month on average.
The
wind is more common in the western and northern side and on the islands: it's no coincidence that the main cities (Aberdeen, Dundee, Glasgow, Edinburgh) lie in the eastern or southern sides, which are relatively sheltered. However, when the most intense low pressure systems occur, the wind can be strong everywhere.
Fog can be formed in inland areas at night, in the rare periods in which an anticyclone dominates, in autumn and winter. In the Highlands, the landscape is often foggy due to the passage of low clouds. Instead, from April to September, sea fogs can form on the eastern coasts.
The
sun is rarely seen in Scotland. However, the sun is relatively more frequent in May and June, when the days are also very long. From November to January, also due to the very short days, the sun is almost never seen.
On average, there are just 1,150 hours of sunshine per year in the Shetland Islands, which in this ranking are beaten at the European, and perhaps world level, only by the Faroe Islands. Further south, there are approximately 1,200 hours of sunshine per year in the Orkney Islands, 1,250 hours in the Hebrides and in Inverness, which is located on the north coast, and 1,350/1,450 hours in the main cities.
Given the latitude of Scotland (from almost 61 degrees north latitude in Shetland to just over 54 degrees in the south), the
length of the days varies greatly between the different months of the year. And so, from November to January, the days are very short, while from May to July, they are very long. The "white nights", in which it is not completely dark even at midnight, occur from May 11th to August 1st in Shetland, which is located more to the north, and from June 2nd to July 10th in Glasgow and Edinburgh.
The climate in detail
Seasons
The Gulf Stream makes the Scottish
winter fairly mild, at least in comparison with other countries located at the same latitude: as we have seen, in the plains, the average temperature in January and February is a few degrees above freezing. However, the northern location makes Scotland prone to cold winds from Greenland, which can bring snow showers and frosts, especially on the highlands, but these periods don't usually last long, and after a short time, the westerlies start to blow again.
Sometimes, however, there may be
cold waves more intense than usual. In the islands, cold records are not that low (for example, -9 °C or 16 °F in Lerwick, in the Shetland Islands, -7 °C or 19.5 °F in Balivanich, in Benbecula, and -8 °C or 17.5 °F in Kirkwall, in Orkney). In the main cities, cold records generally range from -17 °C or 1.5 °F (see Dundee) to -20 °C or -4 °F (see Glasgow). In inland areas, there are some valleys where even lower values have been reached: the cold record, which applies to all the British islands, is -27.2 °C (-17 °F), recorded both in Altnaharra, a northern village, in December 1995, and in
Braemar, a town located 10 km (6 mi) from Balmoral Castle, in January 1982.
In
spring, the temperature rises very slowly, so that it's still cold in April, when the maximum temperature is around 10/12 °C (50/54 °F). In return, spring is the sunniest season, albeit slightly.
Summer is cool: the average maximum temperature in July and August ranges from 14/15 °C (57/59 °F) on the
Shetland Islands, to 16 °C (61 °F) on the
Orkney and
Hebrides islands, to 19 °C (66 °F) in the main cities.
In Scotland, even the summer is a pretty rainy season, and sunshine in mid-summer (July and August) is even rarer than at the beginning of the season (June).
However, quite rarely, there may be periods, usually short-lived, with sunny weather and pleasantly
warm temperatures. On the warmest days of the year, the temperature typically reaches 25/26 °C (77/79 °F) in the main cities, though it can sometimes reach higher values.
The record heat in Scotland is 35 °C (95 °F), set in July 2022 at Floors Castle, in the south-east, near the border with England, while the previous record was 33 °C (91.5 °F), set in Greycrook, a location in the vicinity. For the rest, the highest recorded temperature are around 23 °C (73.5 °F) on the Shetland Islands, around 25 °C (77 °F) on Orkney and Hebrides, and 30/31 °C (86/88 °F) in the main cities of Scotland.
Autumn is cold, windy and rainy. The wind in Scotland is frequent, and sometimes can be very strong, especially in autumn and winter.
Glasgow
Glasgow, where is located
Here are the average temperatures in
Glasgow.
Glasgow - Average temperatures (1991-2020) | Month | Min (°C) | Max (°C) | Mean (°C) | Min (°F) | Max (°F) | Mean (°F) |
|---|
| January | 1.3 | 6.9 | 4.1 | 34 | 44 | 39.4 |
|---|
| February | 1.2 | 7.6 | 4.4 | 34 | 46 | 39.9 |
|---|
| March | 2.1 | 9.4 | 5.8 | 36 | 49 | 42.4 |
|---|
| April | 3.8 | 12.2 | 8 | 39 | 54 | 46.4 |
|---|
| May | 6.2 | 15.3 | 10.8 | 43 | 60 | 51.4 |
|---|
| June | 9.2 | 17.6 | 13.4 | 48 | 64 | 56.1 |
|---|
| July | 10.9 | 19.2 | 15 | 52 | 67 | 59.1 |
|---|
| August | 10.4 | 18.8 | 14.6 | 51 | 66 | 58.4 |
|---|
| September | 8.7 | 16.5 | 12.6 | 48 | 62 | 54.7 |
|---|
| October | 5.9 | 13 | 9.4 | 43 | 55 | 49 |
|---|
| November | 3.2 | 9.5 | 6.4 | 38 | 49 | 43.5 |
|---|
| December | 0.9 | 6.9 | 3.9 | 34 | 44 | 39 |
|---|
| Year | 5.3 | 12.8 | 9.05 | 41.6 | 55 | 48.5 |
|---|
As mentioned, Glasgow is located in the western part of Scotland, the rainiest one. Here is the average rainfall.
Glasgow - Average precipitation| Month | Millimeters | Inches | Days |
|---|
| January | 155 | 6.1 | 18 |
|---|
| February | 125 | 4.9 | 15 |
|---|
| March | 110 | 4.3 | 15 |
|---|
| April | 75 | 3 | 13 |
|---|
| May | 70 | 2.8 | 12 |
|---|
| June | 80 | 3.1 | 13 |
|---|
| July | 90 | 3.5 | 13 |
|---|
| August | 105 | 4.1 | 14 |
|---|
| September | 110 | 4.3 | 14 |
|---|
| October | 135 | 5.3 | 17 |
|---|
| November | 145 | 5.7 | 18 |
|---|
| December | 160 | 6.3 | 18 |
|---|
| Year | 1370 | 53.9 | 181 |
|---|
Here are the average sunshine hours per day.
Glasgow - Sunshine hours| Month | Average | Total |
|---|
January | 1.5 | 45 | February | 2.5 | 70 | March | 3.5 | 105 | April | 5 | 150 | May | 6.5 | 195 | June | 5.5 | 160 | July | 5 | 165 | August | 5 | 155 | September | 4 | 120 | October | 2.5 | 85 | November | 2 | 60 | December | 1.5 | 40 | Year | 3.7 | 1345 |
The
sea in Scotland is not so cold in winter, at least if we consider the latitude, while it remains cold in summer. Here are the average water temperatures.
Glasgow - Sea temperature| Month | Celsius (°C) | Fahrenheit (°F) |
|---|
January | 8 | 47 | February | 7 | 44 | March | 7 | 44 | April | 8 | 46 | May | 10 | 50 | June | 12 | 54 | July | 14 | 57 | August | 14.5 | 58 | September | 14.5 | 58 | October | 13.5 | 56 | November | 12 | 53 | December | 10 | 50 | Year | 10.8 | 51.5 |
Highlands
In the
Highlands, the weather is obviously colder, and snowfalls often occur in winter. Snow cover duration is remarkable because the temperature is not much higher in the other seasons. The wind in the Highlands is also more intense and frequent, as generally happens in mountainous regions.
Glen Ogle, where is located
For example, here are the temperatures of Glen Ogle, located at 565 meters (1,855 feet) above sea level.
Glen Ogle - Average temperatures| Month | Min (°C) | Max (°C) | Mean (°C) | Min (°F) | Max (°F) | Mean (°F) |
|---|
| January | -1.1 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 30 | 37 | 33.6 |
|---|
| February | -1.5 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 29 | 37 | 33.1 |
|---|
| March | -0.7 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 31 | 40 | 35.2 |
|---|
| April | 0.8 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 33 | 44 | 38.8 |
|---|
| May | 3.5 | 10.2 | 6.8 | 38 | 50 | 44.3 |
|---|
| June | 6.1 | 12.4 | 9.2 | 43 | 54 | 48.7 |
|---|
| July | 8.4 | 14.3 | 11.4 | 47 | 58 | 52.4 |
|---|
| August | 8.3 | 14 | 11.2 | 47 | 57 | 52.1 |
|---|
| September | 6.5 | 11.5 | 9 | 44 | 53 | 48.2 |
|---|
| October | 3.7 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 39 | 46 | 42.4 |
|---|
| November | 1.1 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 34 | 41 | 37.6 |
|---|
| December | -0.7 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 31 | 38 | 34.3 |
|---|
| Year | 2.9 | 8 | 5.4 | 37.2 | 46.4 | 42 |
|---|
Cairn Gorm, where is located
At higher altitudes, temperatures are even lower, as can be seen from the data of
Cairngorm Mountain, at 1,245 meters (4,085 feet), where there is also a ski lift. Here, the wind can exceed at the worst moments 200 kph (95 mph), especially from November to March. Also, the temperature can sometimes drop to freezing even in summer.
Cairn Gorm - Average temperatures (1991-2020) | Month | Min (°C) | Max (°C) | Mean (°C) | Min (°F) | Max (°F) | Mean (°F) |
|---|
| January | -5 | -0.9 | -3 | 23 | 30 | 26.7 |
|---|
| February | -5.2 | -1.1 | -3.2 | 23 | 30 | 26.3 |
|---|
| March | -4.4 | 0.1 | -2.2 | 24 | 32 | 28.1 |
|---|
| April | -2.5 | 2.2 | -0.1 | 28 | 36 | 31.7 |
|---|
| May | -0.1 | 5.2 | 2.6 | 32 | 41 | 36.6 |
|---|
| June | 2.5 | 7.5 | 5 | 36 | 46 | 41 |
|---|
| July | 4.6 | 9.3 | 7 | 40 | 49 | 44.5 |
|---|
| August | 4.5 | 8.9 | 6.7 | 40 | 48 | 44.1 |
|---|
| September | 2.7 | 7.1 | 4.9 | 37 | 45 | 40.8 |
|---|
| October | -0.4 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 31 | 39 | 35 |
|---|
| November | -2.9 | 1.1 | -0.9 | 27 | 34 | 30.4 |
|---|
| December | -4.6 | -0.5 | -2.6 | 24 | 31 | 27.4 |
|---|
| Year | -0.9 | 3.6 | 1.35 | 30.4 | 38.4 | 34.5 |
|---|
The highest peak in Scotland is Mount Ben Nevis, 1,344 meters (4,411 feet) high.
When to go
The best time to visit Scotland is the
summer, from June to August.
As mentioned above, the sea is cold even in summer.
What to pack
In
winter: pack warm clothes, such as a sweater, a coat, a wind jacket, and a raincoat. For the Highlands and for colder periods: pack gloves, a hat, and a scarf.
In
summer: pack clothes for spring and autumn, but also a jacket and a sweater, and a raincoat or umbrella.
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