Canada - weather in January

January is the central month of winter in Canada, and it is the coldest of the year in most of the territory, except in the maritime Arctic regions and on the eastern coasts (see New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador), where it is often February.
The average temperatures are below freezing in almost all the territory, and the landscape is often covered in snow, except in the far west, on the coast of British Columbia (see Vancouver), overlooking the Pacific, where the climate is oceanic.
The north-central lakes, the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay are frozen. Even the Great Lakes in the south can freeze to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the temperature.
During cold spells, the temperature can drop to very low values, below -40 °C (-40 °F) in large areas of the center-north, below -30 °C (-22 °F) in the southern inland areas, and below -15 °C (5 °F) on the east coasts, while on the west coast, in Vancouver, it generally does not drop below -5 °C (23 °F), although it can occasionally reach -15 °C (5 °F).
On the other hand, the chinook, a mild, dry wind capable of melting snow, can blow on the eastern side of the mountains.
Precipitation (rain or snow) is frequent in the south, in the area of the Great Lakes (see Toronto) and in Quebec (see Montreal, Ottawa), and even more in the east, where cold air collides with Atlantic air masses (in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, see Saint John's, Halifax). In this area, snowfalls are abundant, however, sometimes, mild air from the south can bring the temperature above freezing and cause rain to fall instead of snow.
In the inland areas of the southwest, in the Great Prairies (see Edmonton, Calgary, Regina), precipitation is much scarcer. Even in the vast Arctic and Subarctic areas, in the provinces of Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut (see Alert, Inuvik, Yellowknife), light and frequent, but not abundant, snowfalls generally occur due to the cold.
On the coast of British Columbia (see Vancouver), on the other hand, the rains are frequent and abundant, while snowfalls are quite rare.
The days are very short in the center-north, and in the extreme north (see Alert) it is always dark and the sun never rises.

The following tables show the climate averages in the month of january in Canada in a selection of locations.

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Monthly climate averages - January

(from north to south)




























See also: Canada, the weather in December - February
The climate of Canada