, in fact, it has quite cold winters, but otherwise it has Mediterranean characteristics: the rainiest seasons are autumn and winter, and summer is hot and sunny.
The city is located in the north-west of Türkiye. About 15 km (9 mi) to the north lies the Sea of Marmara (a small closed sea between the Aegean and the Black Sea), beyond which is the city of Istanbul.
(the ancient Olympus of Mysia), the highest mountain massif in western Anatolia with its 2,543 metres (8,343 ft), protected in a national park and home to a winter sports resort.
The altitude of the city is 100/150 meters (330/490 feet), but the southern districts, which are located at the foot of the mountain, reach up to 400 meters (1,300 ft).
is quite cold: the average temperature in January is around 6 °C (43 °F). There are mild periods, but also cold periods, during which the temperature remains a few degrees above freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) even during the day, and a cold rain can fall, or even snow. In fact,
are not so rare, and occur more than once almost every year, accompanied by frosts.
During the most intense cold spells, the temperature can drop to -10 °C (14 °F) or even below. In February 1992 it dropped to -14 °C (7 °F).
there can be very hot periods, with highs of 35 °C (95 °F) and more. During the most intense heat waves, temperatures typically reach 40 °C (104 °F), but in July 2000 there was a day with a record high of 44 °C (111 °F).
. Here are the average temperatures.
January, the coldest month of the year, is generally a quite cold month. The average temperature is of
5.8 °C, with a minimum of
1.7 °C and a maximum of
9.8 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-5.5 °C. However, it dropped to
-13.2 °C in January 2016.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
19 °C. However, it reached
25.2 °C in January 2010.
Precipitation amounts to
75 mm, distributed over 12 days.
The day lasts on average 9 hours and 40 minutes.
There are on average 2.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 28% of the time.
The average humidity is 76%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
7.8 kph.
February is generally a quite mild month. The average temperature is of
6.9 °C, with a minimum of
2.4 °C and a maximum of
11.4 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-5 °C. However, it dropped to
-14 °C in February 1992.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
21 °C. However, it reached
26.9 °C in February 2010.
Precipitation amounts to
75 mm, distributed over 12 days.
The day lasts on average 10 hours and 40 minutes.
There are on average 3 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 30% of the time.
The average humidity is 74%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
8.3 kph.
March is generally a mild month. The average temperature is of
9.4 °C, with a minimum of
4.1 °C and a maximum of
14.6 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-2.5 °C. However, it dropped to
-5.2 °C in March 1996.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
24.5 °C. However, it reached
30.2 °C in March 2001.
Precipitation amounts to
70 mm, distributed over 12 days.
The day lasts on average 12 hours and 0 minutes.
There are on average 4 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 33% of the time.
The average humidity is 70%.
The average wind speed is of
8.5 kph.
April is generally a mild month. The average temperature is of
13.3 °C, with a minimum of
7.4 °C and a maximum of
19.2 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
1 °C. However, it dropped to
-3.1 °C in April 2003.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
28.5 °C. However, it reached
34.6 °C in April 2008.
Precipitation amounts to
70 mm, distributed over 11 days.
The day lasts on average 13 hours and 20 minutes.
There are on average 5.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 41% of the time.
The average humidity is 68%.
The average wind speed is of
7.6 kph.
May is generally a warm month. The average temperature is of
18.2 °C, with a minimum of
12 °C and a maximum of
24.4 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
5.5 °C. However, it dropped to
1 °C in May 1998.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
32.5 °C. However, it reached
36 °C in May 1994.
Precipitation amounts to
55 mm, distributed over 9 days.
The day lasts on average 14 hours and 25 minutes. So the days are long.
There are on average 7 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 49% of the time.
The average humidity is 65%.
The average wind speed is of
7.3 kph.
June is generally a warm month. The average temperature is of
22.5 °C, with a minimum of
16.2 °C and a maximum of
28.9 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
11 °C. However, it dropped to
7 °C in June 1991.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
36 °C. However, it reached
41.3 °C in June 2007.
Precipitation amounts to
40 mm, distributed over 6 days.
The day lasts on average 15 hours and 0 minutes. So the days are long. June 21, the summer solstice, is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
There are on average 9 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 59% of the time.
The average humidity is 61%.
The average wind speed is of
7.3 kph.
July is generally a warm to hot month. However, there are remarkable differences between night and day. The average temperature is of
25 °C, with a minimum of
18.4 °C and a maximum of
31.5 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
14 °C. However, it dropped to
1 °C in July 1993.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
37 °C. However, it reached
44.2 °C in July 2000.
Precipitation amounts to
20 mm, distributed over 3 days.
The day lasts on average 14 hours and 40 minutes. So the days are long.
There are on average 9.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 66% of the time.
The average humidity is 57%.
The average wind speed is of
8.5 kph.
August, the hottest month of the year, is generally a warm to hot month. The average temperature is of
25.2 °C, with a minimum of
18.7 °C and a maximum of
31.7 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
14.5 °C. However, it dropped to
6 °C in August 1993.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
36.5 °C. However, it reached
40 °C in August 1994.
Precipitation amounts to
15 mm, distributed over 3 days.
The day lasts on average 13 hours and 40 minutes.
There are on average 9 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 65% of the time.
The average humidity is 58%.
The average wind speed is of
8.4 kph.
September is generally a warm month. The average temperature is of
21.2 °C, with a minimum of
14.8 °C and a maximum of
27.6 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
9.5 °C. However, it dropped to
2 °C in September 1997.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
35 °C. However, it reached
39.7 °C in September 2015.
Precipitation amounts to
45 mm, distributed over 5 days.
The day lasts on average 12 hours and 25 minutes.
There are on average 7 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 58% of the time.
The average humidity is 64%.
The average wind speed is of
6.8 kph.
October is generally a very mild month. The average temperature is of
16.5 °C, with a minimum of
10.8 °C and a maximum of
22.2 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
4 °C. However, it dropped to
-1 °C in October 2011.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
30 °C. However, it reached
37.4 °C in October 2003.
Precipitation amounts to
95 mm, distributed over 9 days.
The day lasts on average 11 hours and 5 minutes.
There are on average 4.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 42% of the time.
The average humidity is 74%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
5.5 kph.
November is generally a mild month. The average temperature is of
11.3 °C, with a minimum of
6 °C and a maximum of
16.6 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-0.5 °C. However, it dropped to
-3.6 °C in November 1995.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
24.5 °C. However, it reached
28.7 °C in November 2016.
Precipitation amounts to
65 mm, distributed over 10 days.
The day lasts on average 9 hours and 55 minutes.
There are on average 3.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 37% of the time.
The average humidity is 75%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
5.9 kph.
December is generally a quite mild month. The average temperature is of
7.4 °C, with a minimum of
3.3 °C and a maximum of
11.5 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-3.5 °C. However, it dropped to
-8 °C in December 2001.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
19.5 °C. However, it reached
27.3 °C in December 2010.
Precipitation amounts to
75 mm, distributed over 13 days.
The day lasts on average 9 hours and 25 minutes. December 21, the winter solstice, is the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
There are on average 2.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 27% of the time.
The average humidity is 76%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
7.4 kph.