, with cold winters, during which the temperature is normally below freezing, and warm summers.
Penza is a city of 520,000 inhabitants located in Eastern European Russia, on the banks of the Sura River (a tributary of the Volga), at 53 degrees north latitude and 565 km (350 mi) southeast of Moscow.
Although it is located more to the south, Penza is also colder in winter than Moscow, since the city is located further from the Atlantic Ocean and closer to Siberia.
is not abundant, amounting to about 560 millimeters (22 inches) per year, but it is well distributed throughout the seasons. It usually occurs in the form of snow from November to March, but sometimes also in October and April. Instead, in late spring and summer, it can occur in the form of thunderstorms.
, from November to March, is very cold: the average temperature in February is about -9 °C (16 °F). The sky is often cloudy, and light snow often falls.
, the temperature can drop below -30 °C (-22 °F), although in recent years this has happened more rarely than in the past.
Occasionally, it has dropped below -40 °C (-40 °F). Since the 1970s, the coldest record is -40.5 °C (-40.9 °F), recorded at the end of December 1978.
, from June to August, is warm and sunny enough. The average in July is around 21 °C (70 °F).
, during which the temperature can reach and exceed 35 °C (95 °F), and which can be interrupted by strong thunderstorms and gusts of wind. During the exceptional summer of 2010, the temperature reached 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) in July, when the average maximum was 34.5 °C (94.1 °F), and 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in August.
. Here are the average temperatures.
January is generally a freezing cold month. The average temperature is of
-8.6 °C, with a minimum of
-11.8 °C and a maximum of
-5.4 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-26 °C. However, it dropped to
-35 °C in January 2010.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
2 °C. However, it reached
7 °C in January 2007.
Precipitation amounts to
39 mm, distributed over 10 days.
The day lasts on average 8 hours and 10 minutes.
There are on average 1.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 17% of the time.
The average humidity is 85%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
14.6 kph.
February, the coldest month of the year, is generally a freezing cold month. The average temperature is of
-9 °C, with a minimum of
-12.9 °C and a maximum of
-5.1 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-26.5 °C. However, it dropped to
-35.7 °C in February 2006.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
2 °C. However, it reached
5.1 °C in February 1995.
Precipitation amounts to
34 mm, distributed over 8 days.
The day lasts on average 9 hours and 55 minutes.
There are on average 3 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 28% of the time.
The average humidity is 82%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
15.3 kph.
March is generally a very cold month. The average temperature is of
-3.1 °C, with a minimum of
-7.3 °C and a maximum of
1.1 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-18.5 °C. However, it dropped to
-25.6 °C in March 2003.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
8 °C. However, it reached
17.3 °C in March 2007.
Precipitation amounts to
39.8 mm, distributed over 8 days.
The day lasts on average 11 hours and 55 minutes.
There are on average 4.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 37% of the time.
The average humidity is 78%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
14.9 kph.
April is generally a quite mild month. The average temperature is of
7.5 °C, with a minimum of
2 °C and a maximum of
13 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-7 °C. However, it dropped to
-14.7 °C in April 2005.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
23 °C. However, it reached
27.1 °C in April 1995.
Precipitation amounts to
35.2 mm, distributed over 6 days.
The day lasts on average 14 hours and 0 minutes.
There are on average 6.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 48% of the time.
The average humidity is 63%.
The average wind speed is of
13.9 kph.
May is generally a very mild month. The average temperature is of
14.8 °C, with a minimum of
8.4 °C and a maximum of
21.2 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
0 °C. However, it dropped to
-5.6 °C in May 1999.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
29 °C. However, it reached
35.6 °C in May 2007.
Precipitation amounts to
43.2 mm, distributed over 7 days.
The day lasts on average 15 hours and 55 minutes. So the days are long.
There are on average 9 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 56% of the time.
The average humidity is 56%.
The average wind speed is of
14.3 kph.
June is generally a warm month. The average temperature is of
18.8 °C, with a minimum of
12.6 °C and a maximum of
24.9 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
5 °C. However, it dropped to
-0.8 °C in June 2008.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
32 °C. However, it reached
37.7 °C in June 1991.
Precipitation amounts to
67 mm, distributed over 9 days.
The day lasts on average 16 hours and 55 minutes. So the days are long. June 21, the summer solstice, is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
There are on average 10 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 58% of the time.
The average humidity is 63%.
The average wind speed is of
12.1 kph.
July, the warmest month of the year, is generally a warm month. The average temperature is of
20.9 °C, with a minimum of
14.8 °C and a maximum of
27 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
8.5 °C. However, it dropped to
4.8 °C in July 1992.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
33.5 °C. However, it reached
39.3 °C in July 2010.
Precipitation amounts to
54 mm, distributed over 8 days.
The day lasts on average 16 hours and 25 minutes. So the days are long.
There are on average 9.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 59% of the time.
The average humidity is 65%.
The average wind speed is of
10.9 kph.
August is generally a warm month. The average temperature is of
19.1 °C, with a minimum of
13 °C and a maximum of
25.1 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
5.5 °C. However, it dropped to
2.2 °C in August 2002.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
33 °C. However, it reached
40.4 °C in August 2010.
Precipitation amounts to
55.4 mm, distributed over 7 days.
The day lasts on average 14 hours and 40 minutes. So the days are long.
There are on average 8.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 57% of the time.
The average humidity is 65%.
The average wind speed is of
10.9 kph.
September is generally a mild month. The average temperature is of
13.3 °C, with a minimum of
8 °C and a maximum of
18.5 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-0.5 °C. However, it dropped to
-6.4 °C in September 1996.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
28 °C. However, it reached
33.6 °C in September 2010.
Precipitation amounts to
54.3 mm, distributed over 8 days.
The day lasts on average 12 hours and 35 minutes.
There are on average 5.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 43% of the time.
The average humidity is 69%.
The average wind speed is of
12.6 kph.
October is generally a quite cold month. The average temperature is of
6.5 °C, with a minimum of
2.6 °C and a maximum of
10.4 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-6 °C. However, it dropped to
-12.4 °C in October 1997.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
19.5 °C. However, it reached
25.6 °C in October 1994.
Precipitation amounts to
47.7 mm, distributed over 8 days.
The day lasts on average 10 hours and 30 minutes.
There are on average 3 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 28% of the time.
The average humidity is 77%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
13.8 kph.
November is generally a very cold month. The average temperature is of
-1.3 °C, with a minimum of
-3.8 °C and a maximum of
1.3 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-14 °C. However, it dropped to
-29.7 °C in November 1998.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
10 °C. However, it reached
16.1 °C in November 2013.
Precipitation amounts to
44.8 mm, distributed over 9 days.
The day lasts on average 8 hours and 40 minutes.
There are on average 1.5 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 17% of the time.
The average humidity is 85%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
14.4 kph.
December is generally a freezing cold month. The average temperature is of
-7.1 °C, with a minimum of
-10.1 °C and a maximum of
-4.2 °C.
On the coldest nights of the month, the temperature usually drops to around
-24 °C. However, it dropped to
-34.2 °C in December 2002.
On the warmest days of the month, the temperature usually reaches around
3.5 °C. However, it reached
11 °C in December 2012.
Precipitation amounts to
43.8 mm, distributed over 11 days.
The day lasts on average 7 hours and 35 minutes. So the days are short. December 21, the winter solstice, is the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
There are on average 1 hours of sunshine per day. So, the sun shines 13% of the time.
The average humidity is 86%. Hence, the air is normally humid.
The average wind speed is of
14.4 kph.